Issues And Features Of The Audit Process Term Paper

Issues And Features Of The Audit Process - Term Paper Example Autonomous evaluating is supported in associations so as to shield the likely speculators and investors from any distortion of the fiscal summary or false cases that are frequently made in the open organizations (Gray and Manson, 2008: 98). Also, after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) presented in 2002, the arrangement of the free examiner gets required for improving the inspecting and bookkeeping method. Numerous associations are believed to designate autonomous reviewers, who are confirmed open bookkeepers, answerable for checking their business exchanges and money related records, yet not being partnered with it (Singleton, T.W., and Singleton, A.J., 2010: 13). In any case, autonomous inspecting supposedly suffers from an enormous number of dangers, for example, terrorizing danger, trust or recognition danger, backing danger, the executives danger, self-survey danger and personal responsibility danger. Accordingly, defending the autonomy of the reviewers turns into a significant regio n of concern. This report centers around the shields for the freedom of evaluators. Protections to spare the Independence of the Auditors On perceiving the noteworthy danger of autonomy in the evaluating procedure, the association must settle on certain shields so as to spare the inspectors. A portion of the methodologies that are considered by associations are as per the following: Mandatory pivot in the reviewer: For a situation where an outside evaluator is serving a specific customer for a long time, they frequently cut off up building associations with their customers, which make them less suspicious about their work than that they would have been something else. The SOX Act has made it required for the open organization, who is the accomplice in-control, to pivot their examiners, somewhere around at regular intervals. Be that as it may, for non-open organizations, there are no such necessities for pivot of evaluators.

Online Travel Industry And Online Travel Agency Tourism Essay

Online Travel Industry And Online Travel Agency Tourism Essay In Europe, buyers ordinarily have in any event a month of get-away time every year contrasted with only 1 or fourteen days for the normal American; that spells numerous excursions booked each year. It should not shock anyone then that online travel development rates stay far higher abroad And then theres Asia. Fifteen years back, barely any purchasers in India and China could bear to go outside their home countries. In any case, on account of a rising white collar class customer, Asians are progressively voyaging both locally and abroad. Truth be told, as indicated by the China Daily paper, global travel has developed more than 50-overlap in the previous two decades. Quick development in the online travel business has helped fuel great deals gains for a bunch of online travel organizations. In any case, that is just a large portion of the story online travel sites are likewise unquestionably more beneficial than conventional disconnected travel office activities. The explanation is basic: adaptability. In particular, when a customary travel organization wishes to extend, it needs to recruit more specialists. In the mean time, growing abroad requires setting up a nearby office with operators communicating in the neighborhood language, and that kind of framework can get costly. Yet, in the online world, when a site is planned and set up, it can deal with an enormous number of clients. Development in deals doesn't really require proportionate development in the work power a bunch of web specialists and experts can keep up the website paying little heed to the quantity of clients served. This versatility is behind the fat overall revenues appreciated by online travel firms. Travel and the travel industry are among the greatest ventures around the world, and in excess of 80 percent of the movement sold in the United States is currently bought on the web. With more customers utilizing the Internet to design their excursion escapes, online travel organizations have been developing in ubiquity, assisting with expanding business in the movement business generally speaking. Beside booking travel bundles, numerous explorers go online looking for movement audits before settling on an official conclusion about their decisions. Reports show that more explorers who have generally reserved excursions disconnected are looking at get-away goals, just as movement and inn rates, on the web. India Context The Indian Scenario The online travel showcase in India has seen huge development and is drawing in huge number of national and worldwide players. Private value players have made enormous interests in the online travel organization (OTA) fragment in the previous barely any years. A few realities : Absolute tickets ready to move (Only Domestic) every day are : 275,680 Absolute Ticket Sold by all OTAs every day =â 51,690 Market size for Indian OTA Industry in Domestic Flights:â 9000 croresâ roughly About 40% of the tickets sold are through OTA. On a normal, each airplane in India does 5.6 flights every day On the off chance that aircrafts could additionally oversee course streamlining and do 1 more flight for each day, at 6.6 flights every day, OTA Industry Sales will be up by 15% The main online entry for India was Indiatimes.com propelled in the year 2002. In this way the accompanying organizations joined the fleeting trend. Indiatimes 2002 Make my Trip.com 2005 Yatra.com 2006 Travel Guru 2006 In the pages that tail we will explore on one of the best organization in India in this Industry which is Make my trip.com. About the organization and the particular ideas, sway, future Sustained from the seed of a solitary good thought to engage the voyager MakeMyTrip proceeded to pioneer the whole online travel industry in India. MakeMyTrip has changed the movement business throughout the years. This is the account of MakeMyTrip, Indias Online Travel Leader. MakeMyTrip.com, Indias driving on the web travel organization was established in the year 2000 by Deep Kalra. Made to engage the Indian voyager with moment booking and exhaustive decisions, the organization started its excursion in the US-India travel advertise. It planned to offer a scope of best-esteem items and administrations alongside front line innovation and committed nonstop client assistance. Subsequent to merging its situation in the market as a brand perceived for its unwavering quality and straightforwardness, MakeMyTrip followed its achievement in the US by propelling its India tasks in 2005. With the foreknowledge to take advantage of the lucky breaks in the local travel advertise, welcomed on by a huge number of new carriers, MakeMyTrip offered voyagers the accommodation of online travel appointments at absolute bottom costs. Quickly, MakeMyTrip turned into the favored selection of a large number of explorers who were charmed to be enabled by a couple of mouse clicks! MakeMyTrips rise has been lead by the vision and the soul of every last one of its workers, for whom no thought was too huge and no issue excessively troublesome. With untiring advancement and assurance, MakeMyTrip proactively started to broaden its item offering, mixing it up of on the web and disconnected items and administrations. MakeMyTrip additionally remained on the ball by ceaselessly advancing its innovation to satisfy the consistently changing needs of the quickly creating worldwide travel advertise. Consistently building up itself across India and the world, MakeMyTrip at the same time sustained the development of its disconnected organizations like its establishments and subsidiaries at the same time, enlarging the brands effectively solid retail nearness further. Today, MakeMyTrip is considerably more than only a movement entryway or a popular spearheading brand it is a one-stop-travel-shop that offers the broadest determination of movement items and administrations in India. MakeMyTrip is the undisputed online pioneer, with a lot of the movement advertise reaching out to over half of every single online deal, a reality displayed by the trust set in it by a large number of cheerful clients. Staying solid, productive and at the cutting edge of innovation, MakeMyTrips responsibility and client centricity permits it to more readily comprehend and accommodate its clients assorted needs and needs, and convey reliably. With committed 247 client assistance and workplaces in 20 urban areas across India and 2 worldwide workplaces in New York and San Francisco (notwithstanding a few establishment areas), MakeMyTrip is there for you, at whatever point and any place. MakeMyTrip Limited, the parent organization of MakeMyTrip (India) Private Limited and MakeMyTrip.com Inc., Indias biggest online travel company1, today declared that it has valued its first sale of stock of 5,000,000 customary offers at a cost of USD14per share. The companys common offers will start exchanging on the NASDAQ Global Market on 12 Aug 2010 under the image MMYT. The companys administrations and items incorporate air tickets, tweaked occasion bundles, lodging booking, railroad tickets, transport tickets, vehicle enlist and encouraging access to travel protection. Through its essential site, www.makemytrip.com, and other innovation upgraded stages, the organization gives access to all significant household full-administration and minimal effort carriers working in India, every single significant aircraft working to and from India, more than 4,000 inns in India and a wide determination of lodgings outside India, Indian Railways and a few significant Indian transport administrator Makemytrip.coms three-month worldwide Alexa traffic rank is 1,823. Guests to the site go through about 51 seconds on each site visit and an aggregate of three minutes on the site during each visit. It is situated in India. Around 43% of visits to the site are ricochets (one site visit as it were). Makemytrip.com has been online for over ten years. MakeMyTrips Products: Worldwide and Domestic Air Tickets, Holiday Packages and Hotels Household Bus and Rail Tickets Private Car and Taxi Rentals MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences Exhibitions) B2B and Affiliate Services The board: A youthful organization that has immediately become the main travel specialist organization in India and the most confided in name in the business, MakeMyTrips marvelous achievement is in no little part because of the unblinking vision of its senior supervisory crew and the commitment of its representatives. MakeMyTrip utilizes more than 700 Trippers from the movement, the travel industry, friendliness and innovation ventures. Profound KalraFounder Chief Executive Officer Mohit GuptaChief Marketing Officer Rajnish KapurChief Innovation Officer Mukesh SinghSenior Vice President Technology Development Anand KandadaiSenior Vice President Outbound Tours Keyur JoshiCo-Founder Chief Operating Officer Rajesh MagowCo-Founder Chief Financial Officer Amit SomaniChief Products Officer Amit SaberwalSenior Vice President Retail and Business Development Rohit HasteerVice President Human Resources Outline Name Age Since Current Position Kalra, Deep 41 Director of the Board, Chief Executive Officer Magow, Rajesh 41 Gathering Chief Financial Officer Singh, Mukesh 34 2009 Senior Vice President Technology Department Joshi, Keyur 37 Gathering Chief Operating Officer Gupta, Mohit 36 Gathering Chief Marketing Officer Somani, Amit 38 2010 Gathering Chief Products Officer Adusumalli, Ravi 34 2005 Executive Aggarwal, Sanjeev 50 2006 Executive Guleri, Aditya 45 2007 Executive Wolf, Philip 54 2005 Executive Gowrea, Gyaneshwarnath 44 2009 Executive Janally, Mohammad 27 2009 Executive Gour, Vivek 47 2010 Free Director Lalonde, Frederic 37 2006 Free Director MakeMyTrip Values We, at MakeMyTrip, keep our companys basic beliefs in all our undertakings. It is these qualities that have taken us where we have been and will take us where we are going! Greatness: We should take a stab at greatness in whatever we do. Concentrate on consistent improvement in cooperations with individuals, proficiency of procedures, and the prosperity of the association. Client Centricity: We should keep up center around our clients, both interior outer, by giving them need. Endeavor to surpass their desires as far as the worth and quality conveyed. Honesty: We should guarantee consistency between our words and activities, continually conveying what we

HOW ARE FASHION AND APPEARANCE CENTRAL TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIAL Essay

HOW ARE FASHION AND APPEARANCE CENTRAL TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIAL IDENTITIES DISCUSS, WITH REFERENCE TO SPECIFIC EXAMPLES - Essay Example In getting excellence and the penances that are made for speaking to what is lovely, it very well may be seen that most societies have upheld changes of the body so as to accomplish the substance of magnificence as it is characterized inside the social develop, making personality and status through those penances. The estimation of magnificence is high to such an extent that incredible agony has been suffered so as to achieve that portrayal The idea of excellence would appear to be a straightforward idea to characterize, anyway magnificence is sociologically pertinent to the way of life that characterizes it and has an advancing implying that changes through time. At the focal point of present day Western culture is the excellence salon. As indicated by Black (2004), â€Å"The excellence salon remains at the crossing point of various procedures of the body, which thus identify with sex, the body, sexuality, class, commodification, relaxation practices, utilization, thus on† (p . 7). Current Western culture likewise bolsters the utilization of difficult careful solutions for adjust the physical shape and make a more decorated appearance. In any case, torment has been insurance to a considerable lot of the manners by which excellence has been pursued consistently. While contemporary society may disapprove of a portion of the strategies that have been utilized from the beginning of time, the present patterns are really a continuation of socially acknowledged ideas of the distress and torment that can be knowledgeable about the quest for what is genuinely delightful. The Beauty Salon in Western Society The center of the production of wonderful through physical change inside contemporary Western culture is the excellence salon, a spot where the hair, skin, and nails are gone to so as to extend a progressively delightful outside nearness. The salon is a social place, as much as it is an utilitarian element. As indicated by Black (2004), as she cites Yvette, a p roprietor of a salon, â€Å"Ordinary individuals come through here The craving of these ‘ordinary people’ is for joy and escapism† (p. 2). While what is done there happens so as to rise into society with the aim of the outcomes affecting the manner by which one is seen, what occurs inside the salon is as much a piece of the way of life as the impact of the outcome. A relationship is created between the staff and the customer, an association that is made so as to frame an implicit understanding where the expert skill of the staff part turns into the focal point of the advancement of a closeness with the customer, the commodified relationship as enthusiastic as it is intentional. Regularly the relationship that one has to their magnificence proficient is as much sincerely helpful as it is genuinely remedial (Black 2004, p. 7). What happens inside the salon is frequently awkward, if not excruciating, that degree of enduring assisting with shaping the bond between th e magnificence proficient and the customer. What is experienced and relinquished so as to accomplish the outcome assists with making the closeness through which the implicit agreement is set up. Besides, there is a sexuality that is built up inside the limits of the experience. The salon proficient frequently should cause torment in an extremely personal manner so as to accomplish the objectives of the meeting. The agony is persevered through, the beneficiary building up a reliance on the one causing torment as the arrival of that sensation is inside the control of the expert. This agony can turn into a profound asset of availability between the one inflicti

Aunt Connie Cookie Simulation Essay Example

Auntie Connie Cookie Simulation Essay Example Auntie Connie Cookie Simulation Paper Auntie Connie Cookie Simulation Paper In 1986, Aunt Connie was approached to make a few treats for a yearly pledge drive. They were happy to pay $50 for 500 treats rather Aunt Connie offered them 600 treats for $55. She understood she would burn through $35 on elements for making 600 treats and for 300 treats it would cost her $10 to prepare so it would be $20 in any case 300 or 600 treats. By charging an extra $5, she would take care of her expense and give the club more treats. This indicated individuals that she had a sense for business. Today Maria Villanueva, the grandniece of Connie, is the CEO of the organization and her objective for Aunt Connieâ„ ¢s Cookies is to expand benefit and she needs to decide the most ideal approach to get this going. Maria is dependable to choose how cash will be spent to make Aunt Connies Cookies prevail without straying into the red. First Maria will take a gander at how the cost increment for lemon creme and genuine mint treats over the most recent couple of months has diminished its volume. So Maria needs to boost her commitment edge and working benefits and she has two options. Typically when a cost decrease happens, request will increment so she could reexamine the unit costs on both the treats or connect with more retailers by expanding advertisement costs significantly on the two treats. Maria must decide how each sort of cost impacts changes. The publicizing cost is a fixed cost that won't change in any event, when the amount of treats created differs. Taking a gander at the expense of fixings expected to create the treats it is a variable expense. These costs will ascend as the quantity of treats created increments. The relationship between's costs, volume, and the effect on benefit of these decisions is found in the commitment edge during the recreation. Maria can utilize the cost bookkeeping framework to help decide the most beneficial value point for treats by assessing the cost volume benefit relationship. ? Maria needed to decrease the cost of lemon cremes and mint treats to expand volumes. Maria increments fixed expenses through expanded promoting. She likewise chooses to expand the edge to the merchants to help increment volumes. ? Her choice that she made helped increment her deals and benefit. Maria was then confronted with a proposal for a mass request from a customer who needed to purchase a million packs of genuine mint treats at $1.20 a pack or nothing. On the off chance that Maria acknowledges the request, this will decrease her present volumes being created in the market and dismissing the request could mean under usage of limit. She chose to acknowledge the mass request by decreasing the present creation volumes for the two treats. At the point when one is attempting to boost working benefits, it is smarter to deliver a greater amount of the item that has a more prominent commitment edge per unit; for this situation it was the lemon creme treats. The following choice that Maria needed to confront was a competitorâ„ ¢s nutty spread treat producing unit was available to be purchased. The competitorâ„ ¢s proprietor gave two choices to Maria, first she could purchase the unit and utilize the ability to make lemon creme treats or purchase the unit and keep on making nutty spread treats. Maria chose to purchase the unit and utilize the ability to make lemon cremes and make 600,000 packs seeing the breakeven point is 563,000 bringing about working benefits from the new unit. With the special seasons practically around the bend, the pastry specialists needed to come out with an uncommon treat called the Chocorones. Maria needs to choose to up her work power or her gear. She chose to refresh her work power seeing this is an occasional treat and it is increasingly a less an impassion point between the two. By settling on the correct choices, Maria has expanded her benefits and gained an additional specialty unit helping her utilization the ability to make her treats. She will keep on completing her Aunt Connieâ„ ¢s heritage and make benefit simultaneously.

Relationship between Cooperative Learning and Social Emotinal Learning Research Paper

Connection between Cooperative Learning and Social Emotinal Learning - Research Paper Example This procedure occurs in stages and doesn't happen in one example. This involves it occurs in characterizing stages that are dependant Brackett, (Kremenitzer, and Maurer, 2011). For the procedure to be fruitful, there must be appropriate systems that guarantee that each stage is followed. After effectively experiencing through this procedure, change is typically experienced Corporative learning is tended to dependent on two perspectives. Scholastic and social learning, these are then composed dependent on homeroom exercises. Corporative taking in varies from bunch work, in this manner, it takes auxiliary association. Basically, it includes understudies that take up assignments all in all towards a specific scholarly objective. This method of learning is viewed as preferred put over individual learning since singular learning takes up a serious edge. At the point when understudies are associated with a gathering, every one benefits from the asset introduced. A corporative learning arrangement empowers understudies to request data and furthermore assess the current one. The corporative learning mode has been credited by various creators. Its accreditation is drawn from the various advantages that have been resultant. Appropriate selection of this method of learning makes the accomplishment of a gathering to get shared among the individuals. In this model, outstanding task at hand is diminished because of job changes. Instructors are viewed as facilitators, their typical job as data providers changes to facilitators. This model was first presented by social scholars, before world war two. Eminent creators that added to its foundation incorporate Allport, Shaw, Watson, and Mead. This gathering set up corporative learning after earlier research that demonstrated that corporative learning is increasingly compelling with respect to amount, quality and the general efficiency. Social passionate learning is a comprehensive term that covers all angles relating to fundamental abilities. This spreads other

Personal Growth Assessment (PGA) Writing Assignment - 2200 Words

Personal Growth Assessment (PGA) Writing Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: Students NameInstructors NameCourse Name and NumberDate of SubmissionPersonal Growth Assessment (PGA)IntroductionPersonal growth assessment is a supported and structured procedure undertaken by a person to reflect on their own performance, achievement, and/or learning and to organize their career growth and personal education. There are several ways of analyzing personal growth assessments and this is just but one of the many ways I am going to present my personal and professional development plans. The major aim for this personal growth assessment is to enhance my ability to understand how and what I am learning, and to plan, review and take liability for my own learning. This helps me to: articulate personal objectives and analyze progress towards my achievement; become more independent, confident, and an effective self-learner; understand how I am learning and link my learning to a broader context; improve my general skills for research, career management and marke ting myself to employers; and take a positive outlook to learning all through life, career and educational development.The professional organizations or my employer might require that I submit my personal growth assessment and compile a file when I apply for chattered membership or as section of the personnel appraisal procedure. The professional organizations also have obligations for continuing expert growth throughout my career which requires me to update my personal growth assessment. By preparing my personal growth assessment, I am equipped with the career planning process which enhances: my thinking regarding where I am now, what I like/dislike, reflection on my improvements and strengths I would like to attain; planning where I would like to get to (through setting my short term 3-year career objectives), what knowledge and skills I would require to develop and how I would gain them via learning prospects open to me; putting my actions into use through recording the developme nt I make and identifying when I have reached a long term or short term objective. Long term career objectives last for about 6 years, and by compiling a comprehensive personal growth assessment I am able to reflect on my achievement and learning and, in light of this, wherever I want to go next.Work settingUpon my graduation, about six years ago, I set off touring the globe with my twin brother for eight weeks. We toured to Australia, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and Bangkok and though it was the most excellent eight weeks of my existence I was very thrilled to get back home and secure myself a job. I was back residing at home in New York at the start of August and started applying for different HR/personnel positions (on median sending out around 17 applications every day for five weeks). After what appeared like my 900th application I got a temporary task within the HR group at the Standard Chartered Bank. After four weeks of doing temporary work there I applied for a permanent post and was then chosen as their new Human Resource Assistant, beating over 120 applicants to the position.It was a 1-year contract and all through my time there I discovered a vast amount on what it was truly like to work inside a busy bank office, liaising with regional and national personnel managers daily. The task was greatly varied backing the national HR team and 20 other regional human resource officers situated around the nation. My duties ranged from analyzing personnel information, hiring, team building, communication, coaching, organization development, recruiting, training, and policy recommendation, to mention just a few.Even though I could not have requested for a better initial job after graduating, I was ardent to have much of an innovative input with writing frequent excerpts and placing forward my personal ideas for campaigns. While my contract was approaching an end, I realized there were hardly any opportunities for interior promotion so I started to look outside f or human resource posts. Now that I had one year of operation under my strap, job hunting was surely easier and agencies of recruitment had started to carry me seriously. In a few weeks of applying and searching I had got myself two interviews with no help from any interventions one for Personnel Officer role at an house organization and the other for Human Resource Manager at a consulting corporation.Fortunately I evaded temporary redundancy in between jobs and got myself the latter task. I am now presently in my fourth week of operation at CHASH, a consulting company that uses evidence-based policy and rigorous research to offer solutions to intricate issues in various studies. My present working environment is one in which there is a perfect sense of group spirit. In spite of a few special challenges that I encounter in executing my roles, it is amongst the best work settings I have ever been to. A firm work ethic is certainly crucial but the human aspect is important as well.I enjoy working and interacting with individuals who have a proper sense of humor and who, whilst they may take their individual work so seriously, do not necessarily carry themselves too seriously! I like individuals who are humble but who have progressive and dynamic approach to their operations. I truly enjoy working as section of a highly professional and committed team.Assessment Insights gainedMy involvement with Standard Chartered didn't begin as smooth and simple as prior anticipated. Toward the starting, due to the little cooperation with other bank parties, I just about felt like surrendering. This was a direct result of the way of the employment, and the way that this was my first vocation after graduation. So I used the first month knowing minimal about the bank assignments and test.Amid my second year of association, the occupation made a more exceptional and genuine stage that made me delight in each and every minute I went through with my associates. When all is said in done, the bank work has taught me how to make esteem and opportunities by uniting a special bundle of new encounters and learning.I have picked up a colossal measure of experience on how I can put my scholastic learning into practice, while adapting all the more about social business enterprise. Through Standard Chartered, I understood that actually amid my studies, I am ready to make a positive commitment into the lives of the less special in our general public. For me, benefit making is not the sole center of business any more, and as a yearning social ambitious person/key chief to be, I rather concentrate on guaranteeing maintainability and furrowing go into our groups. I unequivocally accept that the occupation has assumed a huge part in providing for me this understanding.The diverse occupations I have done after my graduation have provided for me the extraordinary stage to meet individuals from distinctive foundations, investigate the globe and the capacity to basically exe cute my attempts and parts. This is a selective chance to have any kind of effect into the lives of others, while having constrained budgetary means.Assessment Strengths 1 Determined and self-motivatedSo as to reach this far, I have always been a determined and self-motivated person. I strongly believe that without determination, even the most excellent workers would languish within the company without attaining any success. 2 Natural leader and self-orientedBeing a natural and self-oriented leader, I have been able to secure top jobs within the few organizations I have worked with after my graduation. All companies look for a person having the drive in herself or himself. Frankly, the corporation cannot have time to really sit back and watch out which of their workers bears the next vast idea, or which employee is not working with regard to their resources and talents. Thus, it is good that a corporation have a self-chosen mentor who keeps such things in mentality and communicate s them at the proper time. This feature is essential for supervisors, project managers, team leaders, and executive managers. 3 Team playerNobody is an island, and in the world of today, like never before, an individual needs a team of individuals with whom prosper. Thus, being a team player in the world of today, like myself, is almost as crucial as any scholarly degree. 4 HardworkingThis is amongst the common traits that I exhibit as a departmental manager in our company. it is mentioned that success is 90 percent hard work and 10 percent brain/think action. Any corporation wants to have hard-working workers. Therefore, I can strongly speak about dedication, commitment, and hard work as my strengths. 5 Self-confidence and intelligenceBeing intelligent never implies being the only individual inside the room who is able to drive a plane, although an individual who has the practical knowledge and simple logic that goes with managing a team.Assessment Weaknesses 1 Being nervous aroun d peopleToday, with the emergence of new work tradition where people seldom meet each other and where people speak to one another only during coffee halts, there are some individuals, like myself, who have turned into introverts. This makes me to become nervous regarding giving speeches and presentations. 2 Being a debaterI am always passionate regarding work and need a reason for all alterations that are introduced within the company. Even though this is great for the product and the project, it may rub some individuals the wrong way. 3 Going out of another persons wayThere are many individuals within companies all over the globe who take every kind of operation from their coworkers, whether it is their task or not. Whilst th...

Ruthless Outstanding Social Issue Persuasive Essay Samples Strategies Exploited

Ruthless Outstanding Social Issue Persuasive Essay Samples Strategies Exploited Utilizing the aforementioned criteria as a simple guideline should make it possible for a writer to locate a proper topic. Since you may see, finding an appropriate topic is not quite as simple as it might seem. A manageable topic is one which can be successfully performed within the page needs of the essay. When picking your research paper topic, you have to make certain it is neither boring nor worn out. Each paragraph needs to be restricted to the discussion of one general idea. In your introduction paragraph, it is sufficient to introduce the topic and supply meaningful background details. Well, first, you are going to want to find good persuasive speech topics. Students need more practical subjects to learn the way to use distinctive things. They should be careful about posting on social media. They should be allowed to pray in school. They are used to the fact that their professors give them the assignment's topic. Rather than assuming the job of identifying essay complications, teachers are now able to offload a few of that chore to technology. Usually, students find it complicated to opt for a suitable topic. While trying to understand how to write a persuasive essay step by step, they forget about another critical activity. When they are writing their argumentative essays that have to find, read and analyze lots of material to perform good. There are over a dozen varieties of essays, therefore it's easy to become confused. While there are lots of diverse forms of essays, an expository essay is perhaps among the most systematic. To discover argumentative essay topics easy on various platforms, you want to comprehend about the argumentative essay. You should understand completely that you're not writing a descriptive essay. Successful informative essays need a great thesis. Writing an outline is a rather effective approach to think through how you'll organize and present the info in your essay. These topics will be helpful for folks who need to compose essays about the subject mentioned above in the shape of a normal job. Essay topics in English can be hard to produce. When you revise your essay, you've got to make sure its organization is totally appropriate to your intended audience, the paper context, and the goal. You might also want to incorporate a quick discussion of more research that ought to be completed in light of your work. Superior background wisdom and suitable organization are crucial. Learning There are plenty of strategies and approaches to learning and grasping the exact same materials. In addition, taking a fair stand on the issue (instead of an extreme one) will also result in more credibility. All you will need is to select the one which reflects your private interest an d acknowledgment. If you can select the problem all on your own, it's possible to think of the issue of interest! A lot of people are passionate about various environmental problems. Top Outstanding Social Issue Persuasive Essay Samples Choices Certain informative essay issues take a very long period to finish a last paper. An essay is just a sheet of content that's written from the perception of writer or author. If it's necessary to write your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Don't forget that any argumentative essay sample you'll discover on the internet will require a full rewriting in order to prevent plagiarism. For instance, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing viewpoint. You may also use low-cost customized essay writing services. There are several free examples of appropriate formatting.

The Role Of Happiness In Ernest HemingwaysThe Sun Also Rises

In the novel The Sun Also Rises, Ernest Hemingway describes the two stages of every bankruptcy: â€Å"‘Two ways’, Mike said. ‘Gradually and then suddenly’† (56). Hemingway’s description of bankruptcy closely reflects the rise of social media as it has become the primarily medium of interaction within society. Subsequently, there have been questions raised about how this radical shift in interactions affects the means of achieving a happy life. Within academia, happiness is described as a sense of well-being and is generally associated with a combination of one’s state of mind and genetics (Lyubomirsky). These genetic effects are culminated in the term â€Å"happiness set point†, a natural proclivity towards a certain level of happiness. Today, both†¦show more content†¦Even further, Adam Piore of the online magazine, Nautilus, claims that social media improves social relationships by creating new mediums of communication. Though there is polarization in how social media affects users’ ability to achieve happy lives, the rise of social media refutes Sonja Lyubomirsky’s perspective on happiness, which attributes happiness to primarily a person’s genetics. The effects that social media has on users’ happiness, depending on the choices of the users, demonstrate that Lyubomirsky underestimates the effects that circumstances and personal choices have on happiness. To begin, the existence of social media platforms, and the subsequent opportunities they create refutes Lyubomirsky by demonstrating the importance that societal circumstances have on happiness. For example, when describing the Happiness Twins study from the University of Minnesota, Lyubomirsky claims this study concludes that â€Å"†¦the average happiness of your identical twins is a much more powerful clue to your happiness than all the facts and events of your life! (Lyubomirsky 188). Lyubomirsky also later a dvises the readers that â€Å"we are also unlikely to find lasting happiness by changing our life circumstances† (195). Lyubomirsky’s portrayal of the complexities of happiness favor a deterministic view that implies that humans have limited control over their happiness. However, research from Robert E. Kraut finds that regular

Case Study Analysis Chateau Margaux

Case Study Analysis: Chateau Margaux Part 1: Analysis of Case Facts Section 1: Consumer Analysis The consumers of the wine of Chateau Margaux (CM) are mostly connoisseurs and luxury buyers. Connoisseurs are consumers who have profound knowledge on the taste of wine and they make their decisions on the wine to consume based on its taste. Thus, the most important factor when choosing a wine is the taste. They prefer to consume their wine in an environment where they have a variety of wines so that they can choose the one that will meet their taste expectation. Connoisseurs are insensitive to price as their main goal is to get a product that has the taste they are looking for. Luxury consumers make their buying decisions based on how the brands address their unique lifestyles. The most important factor they consider in wine selection is the quality and uniqueness. They do no it want to consume what everyone else consuming. They prefer to take their glass of wine in the most prestigious places such as five-star hotels. Price plays an important role in communicating the quality of the wine. Luxury consumers believe that the highest priced wine is the best and go for it. Connoisseurs and luxury consumers look for different things while making their buying decisions. However, the prominence of connoisseurs can influence the luxury consumers and the latter would start considering taste as an aspect of their unique lifestyle. Section 2: Trend Analysis In the last few years, the luxury consumers have increased rapidly in Asia and Russia, the demand in new markets have been growing, the company has discovered new geographical markets, the risks of the wine market has reduce and online sales have increased. Chateaux Margaux has also faced increased competition from other countries, shrinkage of wine consumption in France and expansion of substitutes. CM has responded to external forces by promoting its traditional strategies, adopting price distribution, using penetration pricing in the new markets and embracing modern technology in wine production. Section 3: Influencer Analysis Wine is an experience good because its value can only be determined in the true sense by consuming or experiencing it. The buyers choose the brand of wine depending on its reputation and recommendation. It is almost impossible to determine the quality of wine through physical examination. Both connoisseurs and luxury consumers consider a bottle of wine as an experience good and not credence good. It is not possible to truly know the value of credence good with certainty as it is a matter. The role of influencers in the wine industry is to talk about the brand so that they can influence other people to buy it. Social media is the most common platform used by influencers to talk about a particular brand. Influencers can be grouped into three categories: mega-influencers, macro-influencers and micro-influencers. Macro-influencers are actors, artists, athletes and social media star that have over 1 million followers in their social media platforms with 2-5 percent engagement in a single post. Macro-influencers are executives, bloggers and journalists with between 10,000 and 1 million followers buy drive 5-25 percent engagement in a single post. Micro-influencers are daily customers and employees with 500-10,000 followers and drive 25-50 percent engagement in a single post. Influencers are very important in marketing because it focuses on the specific individuals, making it more effective than dealing with the target market. The role of nà ©gociants is to gather the produce of small-scale growers and makers of wine and to sell it under their name. Their responsibilities include purchasing grapes, large volumes of juice and finished wine, bottling the wine, blending, and selling the finished products to consumers. The advantages of using nà ©gociants in distribution of wine are low cost of sales and distribution, high sales and reduced risk. The disadvantages of using these merchants are lack of connection with consumers, little control over the distribution channel and low quality of wine because of blending with other types of wines to reduce the price charge to consumers. Section 4: Brand Analysis The Chateau Margaux wines are regarded as prestige brands with strong brand equity. The brand is well established in France and it is making inroads into other countries such as Australia, Spain, Chile, Italy and the USA. The value proposition of CM is to provide quality wine at competitive prices using innovative marketing techniques. Section 5: Price-quality relationship of the first wine Step 1: Data collection on current prices of bottles of Chateau Margaux Table 1: Relationship between price and quality Restaurant name How many Michelin stars? Vintage (wine year) Price per bottle in $ UWV score (= quality points) First wine: Chateau Margaux (find at least twenty different entries of the wines in the wine lists) 1 Jean-Georges 3 2003 2650 96 2 Jean-Georges 3 2000 5000 97 3 Jean-Georges 3 1996 2650 95 4 Jean-Georges 3 1995 2500 94 5 Jean-Georges 3 1989 1700 93 6 Jean-Georges 3 1986 2000 92 7 Jean-Georges 3 1985 1800 94 8 Jean-Georges 3 1982 4000 95 9 Per Se 3 2000 3900 97 10 Per Se 3 1995 2975 94 11 Aquavit 2 2005 325 97 12 Aquavit 2 2010 450 97 13 Atera 2 2010 210 97 14 Atera 2 1996 1326 95 15 Atera 2 1986 1020 92 16 Atera 2 1970 840 90 17 Daniel 2 2005 2700 97 18 Daniel 2 2000 3500 97 19 Daniel 2 1999 1750 93 20 Daniel 2 1995 1500 94 Step 2: Data Analysis Step 3: Interpretation The R2 is very low at 0.076, meaning that there is a very weak relationship between quality and price. The price of a bottle of Chateau Margaux increases by $173.6 per quality point. Part 2 Section 6: Analysis of the effect of selectivity on profits Step 1: Completing the table Table 2: Relationship between selectivity and profits    Quantity Tranche 1 price (â‚ ¬) Tranche 2 price (â‚ ¬) Tranche 3 price (â‚ ¬) Quantity tranche 1 Quantity tranche 2 Quantity tranche 3 Revenue (â‚ ¬) Cost (â‚ ¬) (bottles) 2003                            First wine (99*) 183,040 120 160 200 61,013.33 61,013.33 61,013.33 29,286,400.00 6,864,000.0 Second wine (92*) 262,827 23 23 23 87,608.89 87,608.89 87,608.89 6,045,013.33 9,856,000.0 Bulk wine 23,467 5.42 5.42 5.42 7,822.22 7,822.22 7,822.22 127,189.33 786,133.3 Total number of bottles 469,333                         Total                      35,458,602.67 17,506,133.3 Total profits                         17,952,469.33 2009                            First wine (99*) 134,400 450 600 750 44,800.00 44,800.00 44,800.00 80,640,000.00    Second wine (92*) 153,067 50 23 23 51,022.22 51,022.22 51,022.22 4,898,133.33    Bulk wine 85,867 5.42 5.42 5.42 28,622.22 28,622.22 28,622.22 465,397.33    Total number of bottles 373,333                         Total revenue (â‚ ¬)                      86,003,530.67 17,506,133.33 Total profits                         68,497,397.33 Source: Ofek and Vogt Step 2: Interpretation The most striking thing in this calculation is that in spite of the lower production in 2009 than 2003, the profits were higher. The most profitable wine is first wine generating over â‚ ¬22 million in 20003 and â‚ ¬63 million in 2009. The effect of scarcity is to drive prices high and this ultimately increases profitability as long as the production costs remain constant and the reduction on production quantities does outweigh the price increase. It is more important to be more selective in 2009 because the higher the quality of wine, the higher the price the consumers were willing to pay. For example, 134,400 bottle of first wine were produced which generated over â‚ ¬80 million in revenue in 2003 as compared to 183,040 bottles which generated only â‚ ¬29 million in revenue in 2003. Therefore, using the outcome of this financial analysis, I would advice Chateau Margaux to focus their efforts on quality as it is through the reduction of yield of grapes and using only the best grapes to make the first and second wines that will fetch high prices in the market. I would discourage any attempt to increase the quantity of bottles with little regard of quality as this can only result in low profitability. Section 7: Calculating the profitability of the third wine Step 1: Completing the table Table 3: Marginal profitability of the third wine (vintage of 2009) Relevant yield (percentage) 13 Total number of bottles 373,333 Number of bottles (or bottle equivalents) that would qualify for the third wine 48,533.33    Bulk wine Third wine Price per bottle or bottle equivalent (â‚ ¬) 6 35 Marginal cost for bottling (â‚ ¬) 0 3 Gross profits 291,200.00 1,553,066.67 Marginal profits for launching the third wine    1,261,866.67 Source: Ofek and Vogt Step 2: Interpretation The marginal profits that could be realized from launching the third wine are â‚ ¬1,261,866 while the total profits in 2009 were â‚ ¬68,497,397. Hence, it is not worth it to lauch the third wine as this may negatively affect Chateau Margaux’s ability to focus on quality of the first and second wines. Section 8: Branding Effects The introduction of the third wine might have positive effects on the branding of the first and second wines by making them popular among all market segments including the low-income consumers. On the other hand, it might erode the perception of the first and second wines as premium brands and their prices are likely to drop if the bulk wine is bottled. Furthermore, some customers may be confused when selecting three categories of wines from the same company and this might lead them to move to other brands. Part 3: Strategic Options Section 9: Evaluation of strategic options The decision criteria applicable to the evaluation of the three strategic options for Chateau Margaux are the definition of the problem, identification of the decision criteria, assessing the criteria, generating alternatives, rating every alternative using each criterion and computing the optimal decision. Strategic Option 1: Connoisseurs are experts in wine tasting and since they have experience with the wines, the company will not have to carry awareness campaigns. The biggest problem with this market segment is that they already know how to differentiate the best wines in the market and they may not like to consume the third wine because of its low quality. The strategic goal should be to create a pool of consumers who are loyal to the third wine because of its taste. Strategic option 2: the next generation of connoisseurs does not have a lot of experience with wine and they are likely to be attracted by the low price of the third wine. However, they can easily abandon it for higher quality wines as they gain experience in wine tasting. The strategic goal of this option could be to lock up some consumers from moving to higher quality wines. Strategic option 3: Luxury buyers are those consumers who look for prestige and they believe that the high price tag of wine is due to its high quality. The advantage of targeting these buyers is that Chateau Margaux can set up high prices of the third wine and make huge profits from it. The biggest issue with this strategy is that it the company must invest a lot of resources in marketing to present the third wine as prestige and this might affect the sales of the first and second wines. The strategic goal could be to present the third wine as a premium product and make supernormal profits. I would recommend strategic option 2 of targeting the next generation of connoisseurs Table 4: Analysis of strategic options Decision criteria Option 1: Connoisseurs Option 2: Next generation of connoisseurs Option 3: Luxury buyers Definition of the problem Connoisseurs are experts in wine tasting and since they have experience with the wines, the company will not have to carry awareness campaigns The next generation of connoisseurs does not have a lot of experience with wine Luxury buyers are those consumers who look for prestige Identification of the decision criteria Market segment is that they already know how to differentiate the best wines in the market Low price of the third wine They believe that the high price tag of wine is due to its high quality Assessing the criteria Customers may not like to consume the third wine because of its low quality Abandon it for higher quality wines as they gain experience in wine tasting Chateau Margaux can set up high prices of the third wine and make huge profits from it Generating alternatives Differentiation strategy, low pricing Low pricing, extensive marketing The company must invest a lot of resources in marketing to present the third wine as prestige and this might affect the sales of the first and second wines. Rating every alternative using each criterion Difficulties in product differentiation and low-quality perception Low pricing may convey a message of low quality. Extensive marketing may increase overall costs Extensive marketing might bring new consumers on board. Computing the optimal decision Differentiation strategy can be achieved through additional services Low pricing will help the product penetrate in the market Marketing is the best way to attract the luxury buyers. Strategic goal To create a pool of consumers who are loyal to the third wine because of its taste To lock up some consumers from moving to higher quality wines To present the third wine as a premium product and make supernormal profits Chosen option No Yes No Part 4: Marketing plan for the third wine Section 10: Marketing Plan Place Chateau Margaux should continue to use negociants because they have already established distributions channels and they allow the management to focus on wine production which is critical in improving the quality of the final products. The negociants would be chosen on the basis of their experience in wine industry, past engagements and their prices.The agreements for the third wine would be separate from the first and second wine contracts so that the company can be able to monitor the performance of each category. However, if the company does not choose the negociants, it must prioritize in the two and three star restaurants and large retail wine stores in France, Australia, the U.S. and other countries where the brands have a market share of at least 5 percent. Price There are many wines that will compete with the third wine in the U.S. market. Some of these brands are well established and it will not easy to take up a market share from them. The most appropriate pricing strategy will be penetration where the price of a bottle of the third wine will be set below the market rate as this will attract customers who are price sensitive. The signals of the right prices are the competitors’ rates, bulk prices and the cost of production. Product I do not recommend for the growth of production of the third wine because the marginal profits are too low as compared to focusing on improving the quality of the first and second wine. The best option would be invest more on first and wine because they have the potential to boost profitability. Promotion The negociants should use advertising and influencers to promote the third wine to the next generation of connoisseurs. Advertising should be done through the TV and social media networks while mega-influencers should be used to drive traffic to the company’s websites where people can find more information about the product. The influencers should also create a positive image in the minds on potential consumers on the quality and taste of the third wine. Furthermore, it would be crucial to have an ambassador program where celebrities would promote the brand among their fans. Brand name Naming the third wine as Margaux du Chateau Margaux will help it to benefit from already established reputation of the first and second wine. Hence, some customers will see it as of high quality just like the other products from the company. However, in the long term, it might affect the sales of the first and second wine as customers will prefer it because of the low price. If the sales of the first and second wine go down, the overall profitability of the company will decrease because the marginal profits of the third wines are very low. An alternative brand name of the third wine should be â€Å"Chateau Ordinary†. The advantage of this brand name is that consumers who have no experience in wine tasting will feel that it is their wine and they should try it because it is not complicated at all. Additionally, the name resonates with its low prices and even consumers who are sensitive on their budget will feel that they are covered by it. The problem with the brand name is that it excludes luxury and connoisseurs consumers who look for uniqueness in the products they buy. â€Å"Chateau Ordinary† is for customers who have always felt excluded from the first and second wine because of their high prices.

The Limit Of Our Moral Duty - 1569 Words

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The Theme Of Healing In Beloved By Toni Morrison - 1348 Words

â€Å"Good for you. More it hurt more better it is. Can’t nothing heal without pain, you know†(Morrison 92). Healing is a prominent theme throughout Beloved; a novel about the life of an ex-slave, Sethe, and the repercussions of her past mistakes. She murdered her baby in order to prevent her from becoming enslaved. However, years later, the ghost of the baby haunts the family in their home on 124 Bluestone Rd. The ghost is filled with resentment towards her mother, therefore she becomes spiteful and seeks revenge. She feels unloved, betrayed and alone, so, in order to heal those feelings, she manifests herself in human form. The ghost becomes Beloved, a 19-year-old woman with a duplicitous grudge. She slithers her way into 124 and the hearts†¦show more content†¦Although, Beloved doesn’t feel that her mother’s reasons are good enough. The pain and regret Sethe feels, is nowhere near the suffering Beloved has gone through:â€Å"She left me behind . By myself†( Morrison 89). 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History of public administration free essay sample

Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Historical accounts of African public administration often highlight the colonial setting and usually overlook pre-colonial Africa. The African civil service has its roots in precolonial institutions on which European powers relied to build the colonial state and consolidate their administration. Thus, this chapter analyzes the development of African administration from the pre-colonial era up to the present. The first section discusses the pre-colonial period. The colonial system constitutes the second section. The third section deals with the post-colonial period and discusses some problems associated with African administration. 1. The Pre-Colonial Period: From the Ashes of Pharaohs to the Berlin Conference At the end of the prehistoric period (10 000 BC), some African nomadic bands began to settle more permanently in villages along the Nile River to develop the political foundation of ancient Egypt. As these early farmers increased their mastery over soil and animal life, irrigation became a key development strategy to increase food production, which in turn multiplied their populations. Eventually, different villages came to recognize their common interests, to coordinate their efforts and broaden community linkages. People from different communities joined together through confederation or conquest for purposes of commerce or defense, and developed African  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since Emizet F. Kisangani empires, kingdoms, and chieftaincies. Two types of systems, hierarchical political systems and horizontal or acephalous societies, developed to help generate stable communities and foster prosperity. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S Stateless societies were small political entities and had no bureaucracies as they were mostly based on kinship. Hierarchical societies, however, had bureaucracies to carry out certain functions such as collecting taxes, supervising ceremonies, entertaining dignitaries, and compelling people to do the rulers’ bidding. These polities, which evolved before the arrival of Europeans in Africa, were either centralized or decentralized political entities presided over by emperors, kings, chiefs, or military commanders. The following analysis covers the first hierarchical form of rule that emerged some three millennia BC in ancient Egypt, followed by a brief overview of Medieval Africa. The final sub-section discusses the African administration up to the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885. 1. 1. Ancient Civilization of Africa: The Case of Egypt Around 3300 BC, farming lineages along the Nile Valley joined together as villages to increase production of food and to defend themselves against outsiders. From these villages regional confederations of Upper and Lower Egypt developed. By 3100 BC, a central authority emerged and unified these confederations under the rule of divine pharaohs. From 2700 to 2181, six dynasties succeeded each other to form the Old Kingdom. A century and a half of civil war and provincial rivalries gave rise to the First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdoms that ruled Egypt from 2080 to 1640 BC. The Middle Kingdom was replaced by the Second Intermediate Period and the New Kingdom from 1570 to 1090 BC. Three dynasties (18th through 20th) ruled in the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period began around 1089 BC with the Kushite Kings. The Egyptian empire was multinational consequent to the conquest of foreign nations. The Old and Middle Kingdoms were highly centralized and ruled by â€Å"god-kings† or pharaohs. With its capital at Memphis, the Old Kingdom was divided into provinces. Next to the king was the vizier, the administrative hand of the king, who was also in charge of day to day administrative, fiscal, and judicial matters. Although very few administrative documents have survived, court documents provide a glimpse of the Egyptian bureaucracy. Three basic administrative divisions existed: the Department of the Head of the South, the Office of Government Labor, and the Treasury. The Palermo Stone provides further evidence of administrative structure in the collection of revenue and in the assessment of Egyptian wealth. On the Stone was documented a biennial administrative census that left nothing unaccounted for, so that taxes could be assessed even on the basis of canals, lakes, wells, and trees of an estate. The system consisted of a hierarchical structure with diverse administrative agencies spreading throughout the kingdom for effective management. Another governmental task was the administration of justice, on which was founded the concept of ma‘at (or justice), whereby some high priests bore the title of priest of Ma‘at. In addition to the capital city of Memphis, there were other towns of importance that  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since Emizet F. Kisangani made up provinces headed by town governors, who were also chief priests in charge of temple revenue in many parts of Ancient Egypt. Provincial temples were the subject of central government regulations to avoid any strong power at the provincial level. However, during the first intermediate period, the office of governor in charge of civil affairs became the office of chief priest. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S The role of bureaucracy in these early kingdoms was to facilitate the transfer of resources from different provinces to the king’s court. If early administrations were in charge of maintaining irrigation and agricultural output, later administrations seemed to be more involved in supervising construction work and wealth transfer. The proliferation of these later types of bureaucracies, at the expense of those that used to maintain the agricultural system, would probably have produced pressures on the agricultural output and might have been the first sign of political decay in Ancient Egypt. The centralized system itself between the king, court officers, and ambitious governors may also have led to the same result. The New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period generated a great mass of documentation about Egyptian political and administrative life. The form of government remained the same, based on divine kingship. The government always stressed the religious function of the political system. Under the auspices of Gods, the government was expected to maintain the integrity of Egyptian territory and expand its frontiers. The most important function of the government was to create civic and individual security, and the vizier carried out the duty of ensuring that law and regulations were obeyed throughout the bureaucracy. The society was divided into hierarchical stratifications with the king at the top, a small group of high-ranking and wealthy officials next, and a much larger group of bureaucrats (scribes), priests, soldiers, stable masters, citizens, cultivators, and herdsmen filling the bottom layer. The Egyptian political system under the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period was divided into an internal government and a government of conquests. Internally, the civil government was run by two viziers (northern and southern), overseer of the granaries of upper and lower Egypt, and the chief taxing master. The two viziers also supervised the overseer of the treasury and lower level officials in charge of bureaucracy, judiciary, and the police. At the lowest level of the administrative hierarchy were the chiefs, town mayors, and councils. The government of conquests had several governors who supervised vassal kings and their battalion commanders. Most of the Northern Lands were small and scattered, and under the direct control of various battalion commanders. The goal of this decentralization scheme was to obstruct anyone from controlling a large estate and challenging the king’s power. The governor of the Southern Lands was the Viceroy of Kush and his role became important internally at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty. He also supervised two deputies and a battalion commander. Military forces were all centralized under one commander. In addition to these administrative entities, there existed a religious government hierarchy, with the â€Å"overseer of prophets† at the top, a position held at various times by a vizier who was the head of two high priests. Below them was the priesthood bureaucracy. The corps of the centralized system was maintained by a small group of powerful officials. They headed each department and reported directly to the king who appointed  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since Emizet F. Kisangani and removed them. The bureaucracy consisted of a group of educated scribes whose role consisted of collecting taxes, conducting censuses, regulating agriculture, and administering justice and law with a small police force. A professional army was divided into various units, each with its own hierarchy of officers. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S Pressures on land and rising inflation may have been politically significant in later days of the New Kingdom, though bureaucratic inefficiency and abuse of power were probably the main causes of economic collapse. Besides the deterioration of administrative integrity, another major cause that weakened the kingship was the changing relationship between the king, civil government, army, and a few powerful families. Some families came to control major economic resources of the state, and the civil service became less susceptible to royal control. In addition, the kings’ tours of their provinces became less frequent, and royal princes and other deputies carried out religious rites formerly performed by the kings. During the ensuing Third Intermediate Period (1069 664 BC), Egypt was in perpetual crisis and the Egyptian civilization disappeared after the Roman conquest around 30 BC. In summary, the evolution of Ancient Egypt is characterized by the rise and fall of large scale governments that reflect alternating periods of unification and fragmentation. 1. 2. Medieval Africa Medieval Africa was different from the Ancient in several respects. First, Medieval leaders attempted to balance local traditions and regional autonomy in response to their peoples needs by developing and consolidating large-scale kingdoms and empires for purposes of trade or defense. A second difference was the impact of Islam on African societies. Muslims believed that one God (Allah) called on them to undertake jihads (commonly known as holy war against non-believers) when necessary. The most renowned of Africas medieval empires of Mali, Songhay and Morocco rose to the highest stages of their international influence with Islam as the imperial religion. Other medieval African kingdoms and empires developed indigenous political ideologies based on regional customs and beliefs, while Coptic Christianity remained the official state religion in the Abyssinian kingdom of medieval Ethiopia. In 969 A. D. , Muslims from the Maghreb conquered Egypt and established the Fatimid Dynasty in Cairo (c. 970-1170 A. D. ), which was highly hierarchical and whose military was highly professionalized. This strict hierarchy of officials, and the controlling powers of the vizier, left room neither for the autonomous tendencies of provincial governors nor for the growth of widespread corruption. Tolerant of other religions, the system let Copts and Jews occupy prestigious positions in the administration. The centralized administration controlled tax revenues, the payment of troops, and the allocation of military fiefs. The Fatimid administration was in charge of regulating and distributing the waters of the Nile River. Dams and canals were regularly repaired and improved; even an occasional period of low water did not greatly damage the general economic situation. When the Fatimid rule in Egypt was threatened by European Christian Crusaders (c. 1170), it was Egypts professional soldiers, or Mamluks (slave-soldier), who rallied behind Saladin to defeat the Crusaders. He then established a new Mamluk Dynasty in  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since Emizet F. Kisangani Cairo from 1171 to1517. By the thirteenth century, the institution of the slave-soldiers became an integral part of the political and social system in many Muslim countries. The Mamluk oligarchy never accepted in its ranks someone who was not a slave soldier, so that the military establishment not only remained hierarchical, but also continued to be a caste dominated by slave soldiers. U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S Most Mamluk caliphates were divided into military fiefs centralized under one single Caliph. The basic administrative entity was the village because the Mamluk dynasty obtained most of its revenues from landed estates. A major innovation to ensure payment was that the peasants were prohibited from leaving their villages without permission. In addition to land taxes, the Mamluk caliphates drew their revenues from customs duties, based on ad valorem and the religion of the merchants, so that Christian importers had to pay taxes as high as 30%, whereas Muslim importers paid only 10%. This canonical tax was abolished under the reform of 1316. Several other kingdoms, such as Ghana and Mali, developed in Medieval Western Sudan. But the best known was the Kingdom of Songhay founded around the trading town of Gao (c. 1000 A. D. ). The Songhay Kingdom broke away from Mali and subsequently arose to become the third great empire in the medieval western Sudan (c. 1460-1590). Songhays founding emperor, Sunni Ali, established imperial authority northward into the Sahara in order to control international trade routes and valuable deposits of rock salt (which was mined and cut into large blocks to be traded for gold). Following Ali’s death, one of his generals, Muhammad Toure, overthrew the legitimate heir, and embarked on a hajj to Mecca. In 1496 he returned to wage jihad against nonMuslims. He conquered new territories and ruled over Songhays expanded empire as Caliph of West Africa. Under Muhammads authority (1493-1528), Songhay, especially the towns of Timbuktu and Jenne, rose to become one of the medieval worlds largest multinational empires. The administrative system was open enough to provide lower level citizens some type of upward social mobility. The empire was highly decentralized and Islam was used as a tool to assimilate different communities. Different categories of slaves cultivated fields, constructed adobe buildings and mosques, acted as porters, or served as soldiers and officials in the imperial government. Some of the latter rose through government and military bureaucracies by virtue of meritorious work to achieve high positions of administrative responsibility, as did soldier Muhammad Toure, when he rose by military merit to become a general and then became the emperor of Songhay. As emperor of Songhay, Muhammad established effective central supervision over provincial governors. He also reformed Songhays imperial government so that merit (rather than birth) became the principal criterion for advancement in bureaucracy. Eventually, after Muhammad became blind and was deposed in 1528, Songhays trans-Saharan trade declined. This was also partly due to competition from European sea traders along the West African Atlantic coast, which undercut the trans-Saharan gold trade. After severe political crises of succession disputes, rebellions and civil war that Songhay emperors faced during the 1580s, their imperial army was decisively defeated by Moroccos elite musketeers at the Battle of Tondibi in 1591. Other kingdoms and chieftaincies came up throughout Central, Eastern and Southern  ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY – Vol. I Development of African Administration: Pre-Colonial Times and since Emizet F. Kisangani Africa. Although some of these polities were decentralized or confederated, most of them developed as centralized systems where the king or the chief represented the top, followed by the house of the king or an inner circle of advisors, and finally the Council of Elders as the legislative branch. The army and bureaucrats were in charge of maintaining security and law, collecting taxes, and conducting censuses. In most polities, age was a major social feature of stratification, while in other areas the system was meritocractic. 1. 3. Beyond the Medieval Era to the Nineteenth Century U SA NE M SC PL O E – C EO H AP LS TE S R S In the late 1500s and through the 1700s, Europeans and Arabs introduced new weapons and made new demands for captives of war throughout Africa to meet the demands of a growing international slave trade. Consequently, many of Africa’s previous patterns of political and economic growth were disrupted, even though many of the great traditions of medieval African politics and administration continued to guide their evolution. As African kingdoms and empires continued to develop, and trade between coastal cities and interior regions expanded throughout the continent, various African peoples established political confederations based on religious ideology, commercial linkages and/or military authority. Such confederations were committed to establishing broader nationalist ideologies, promoting literacy and advancement by merit, expanding both regional and international commerce, and undertaking significant administrative and military reforms. The first great reformer and leader in North Africa was an Ottoman military commander, Muhammad Ali (1805-1848). He established the first secular schools, engineering and medical colleges, modern factories, modern printing presses, and stateowned textile and munitions factories. His successors continued his policies of borrowing foreign capital and building projects, such as the Suez Canal that was completed in 1869. In the west, the original Asante confederation, established by seven clans near the city of Kumasi (in modern day Ghana), united around the symbolic Golden Stool of their ruler Asante-Hene. This confederation built roads and promoted agriculture, commerce, industry and education through self-help and self-reliance. The Asante emperors implemented several modernization policies in administration that included promoting advancement by merit and the development of state enterprise through public investment. By 1874, the British imperial army defeated the Asante army and annexed the Fante territories into their Gold Coast colony. In East Africa (c. 1800-1885), there was also a movement toward centralization of authority and broadened commercial linkages throughout the region, from Ethiopia’s Highlands to the Limpopo River in Southern Africa. In the first half of the nineteenth century, however, Africa continued to be significantly disrupted by international trade in slaves, even as new Euro-American markets began to demand large imports of such African-based commodities as palm oil, cotton, peanuts, and ivory. By mid-century, European merchants realized that Africans could produce such valuable exports more efficiently and humanely by working in their own countries than by working as slaves in the Americas. Many other nineteenth century African nations were consciously modernizing their various political economies and shifting to regional confederacies,

Solving Problems

Question : (1) Describe a problem, its nature scope and impact KNOW HOW TO GATHER AND INTERPRET INFORMATION TO SOLVE A PROBLEM (2) Gather and interpret information to identify possible solutions to a problem (3)Prepare a summary of the options providing facts and evidence KNOW HOW TO EVALUATE OPTIONS TO MAKE A DECISION (4)Apply a simple decision making technique to evaluate options to arrive at the best solution KNOW HOW TO PLAN, MONITOR AND REVIEW THE IMPLEMENTATION AND COMMUNICATION OF DECISIONS (5) Plan the implementation and communication of the decision (6) Describe which monitoring and review techniques could be used to evaluate outcomes Answer : (1) Description of a problem its nature scope and impact: A problem is defined as the dissimilarity between the concreted condition and the desired condition. Suppose an organization or any person has desired for certain amount of a particular year. But in reality they dont have the desired amount of expectations what they think of before. This is called problem. It can happen to anybody like any business organization or any institution or any people (Bouwman, 2005). For example: "We don't bring in enough interest on our short-term investments in this year" or "Children don't be aware of hopeful about their future." This kind of problem can affect the organization or institutes from various aspects like financial, production etc. (2) Gathering and interpretation of information to identify possible solutions to a problem: The Managers of the organization must be able to characterize problems according to the "gaps" between planned objectives and authenticity between what should be and what is. Control reports are tools used by managers to monitor these "gaps." The gap" is discovered in advance, the sooner it can be addressed to the organization head. The Managers must look ahead to future conditions and identify the gaps." In this state of affairs, the "gap," is between what should happen in the future and what the authentic condition is forecast to be made correctly. The Problems should be well-defined and, where apposite, limited, this need to be said also. The definition of the problem should take in the criteria to indicate when a problem needs to be solved. For example, instead of defining a problem as "not the same statewide distribution of services," it is more useful to define it as "waiting lists for services vary from no wait at all to a six-month wait," or "a number of people have to travel over 100 miles for services." Useful methods for defining a problem include: attribute inventory, blast/refine, brainstorming, brain writing, compulsory relationship, free involvement, idea checklist, interview, list reduction, nominal group technique, observation, paired assessment, stratification, and survey. (3) A summary of the options providing facts and evidence: The Managers should make focal point to their attention on important problems rather than unimportant ones. Pareto's Law states that 20 percent of the problems affect 80 percent of the results and vice versa (Gupta and Others, 2003). Screening problems allows the managers to give over their efforts more successfully and efficiently. The entity or the organization should think about the following factors when determining or evaluating the significance of a problem: Control: How much control does the group or entity or organization has over the problem and its solution? Importance: How serious or urgent is the problem? Difficulty: How difficult will it be to work through the problem to the solution? Time: How long will it take to solve the problem? Payoff: What is the predictable return from solving the problem? Resources: How easy to get to are the resources required to solve the problem? In the assessing the consequence of a problem, the entity or the organization should ask itself, "Does information of this problem lean on us to change past decisions, current operations, or future plans?" An affirmative answer suggests should be made. (4) Application of simple decision making technique to evaluate options to arrive at the best solution We all encountered problems in every sphere of our lives, but in a management context they are particularly important. In fact, its often claimed that the most important thing that managers have to do is to solve problems and make decision. Problem solving and decision making are closely connected. Choosing the solution, for example (Derivative problem), is basically about deciding which possible solution to adopt. Nevertheless, there is a distinction between solving and decision making. Problem solving involves exploration and analysis to gather information. Decision making involves using that information to enable decisions to be made that are likely to achieve the goal of the problem-solving process. In the sense, decision-making is part of problems solving, and so is integrated into the process. Some problems are quite easy to deal with but, unfortunately, a lot of the problems that you and other managers, supervisors and team leaders will face are anything but clear-cut. Often you will find that in addition to being difficult to solve: Problems are hard to pin down and describe clearly The causes are obscure There are several possible solutions, and its unclear which would be best The best solution seen difficult to put into effect. Fortunately, if we adopt a careful and systematic approach, there are few problems that cannot be tackled successfully. (5) A Plan for the implementation and communication of the decision: You probably taught of several situations where a little more planning and forethought would have prevented a problem from developing. You should always try to ensure that the problem does not occur in the first place. Failing this, bear in mind that the chosen solution to a problem should always include plans to prevent the problem happening again. There are six stages of problem-solving process: Stage 1: Recognize the problem: until you recognize that a problem exists, obviously you wont take any action. The early recognition of problem in your job is a skill that usually improves with experience. Experience will also tell you where something that might appear worrying can safely be ignored because its unlikely to turn into a problem. Stage 2: Accept ownership of the problem: Not at all problem that affect you are up to your personally to solve. If you do not have the authority or ability to solve o problem, it is usually wiser to pass it on to someone who does. Stage 3: Understand the problem: once you know that you have a problem and have accepted ownership of it, you must define it clearly, find out all you can about it, and collect information that will help you find ways of tackling it. In particular it pays to identify the causes of the problem. Stage 4: Choose the best solution: There are number of useful approaches to analyzing a problem that can lead you to a solution. Stage 5: Implement the Solution: When you believe that you understand the problem, and can see a way of solving it, you can take action. Stage 6: Monitor and evaluate the solution: After youve implemented a solution, you need to check whether it has worked, and whether it has had any effects that were not expected. Perhaps most important of all, you need to learn for next time. (6) Description of which monitoring and review techniques could be used to evaluate outcomes: The prospective solutions should be evaluated within the constraints compulsory by the entity or the organization, including the entity's mind-set toward risk. Sometimes risk is inescapable because the data that an entity needs for a good decision are not available. In this case, the entity should document the effect that the doubt has on the decision, so that these things can play a major role in evaluating the solution (Lederman and Stewart, 2005). The risk that a pronouncement will not result in the anticipated outcome and the sound effects of a wrong conclusion should also be measured. The entity or organization should think whether two alternatives are equally risky, if the benefits are significance the risk, and whether there are possibility plans in case the expected result does not occur. References Bessette, G. (2004). Involving the community. Penang, Malaysia: Southbound. Bouwman, H. (2005). Information and communication technology in organizations. London: SAGE. Dimick, J., Upchurch, G. and Sonnenday, C. (2012). Clinical scenarios in surgery. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Hoffman, R. (2007). Expertise out of context. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Lederman, L. and Stewart, L. (2005). Changing the culture of college drinking. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. Mora, M., Forgionne, G. and Gupta, J. (2003). Decision making support systems. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Pub. Pease, W., Rowe, M. and Cooper, M. (2007). Information and communication technologies in support of the tourism industry. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Pub. Sarewitz, D., Pielke, R. and Byerly, R. (2000). Prediction. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Watada, J. (2012). Intelligent decision technologies. Berlin: Springer. Yang, G. (2013). Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Communication, Electronics and Automation Engineering. Berlin: Springer.